Whispered 8th Grade Research Paper Topics Secrets

<h1> Whispered eighth Grade Research Paper Topics Secrets </h1> <p>Kissing in open should be prohibited Men should be sent to an alternate planet. One truly horrible theme you're ready to expound on is the demise of somebody. You even end up investigating some of them in your extra time for the sake of entertainment. Indicating mindfulness about ongoing changes in this issue you're composing on is essential to win an incredible evaluation. </p> <p>You would be approached to introduce contentions for your examination in an exceptionally clear and brief manner. You will be approached to detail contentions for the subject of your examination as well. In addition, at whatever point you need to make an exploration paper you never comprehend what theme to choose. Endeavoring to form an exploration paper on a subject that doesn't have a great deal of research on it's unbelievably hard, so before you pick a theme, do a tad of primer looking and be certain you're have all the data you should make your paper. </p> <p>So no big surprise that every one of these people become adhered when they're mentioned to create an examination paper with a disputable subject. The majority of the people tend to flee from legislative issues and consequently the governmental issues papers as well, in this manner it is very essential to snatch the enthusiasm of the perusers till the finish of the exposition and that would be a lot of troublesome I know. You should underline the wellspring of the predominant partiality in youngsters and ladies especially. </p> <p>For those students it's a decent way to think of their investigating and composing aptitudes. It's conceivable to discover all the more with respect to understudies' research papers here. Luckily, understudies may discover a great deal of test points on the web and in their school library. They will look into and compose an influential exposition about the impacts of plastic in consistently use. </p> <p>However much you center you endeavor to complete quick it's despite everything genuine that you need to squander an entire evening for your assignments. At the eighth grade level, your child is approaching the finish of the act of transforming from a child into a youthful grown-up, along these lines an adaptable arrangement is vital. An incredible model might be the Great Plains, which would give understudies a fabulous chance to get familiar with the Dust Bowl. At the point when you're in eighth grade, you feel that every task is troublesome. </p> <p>Make sure your paper follows a constant field of rationale. You might want your paper to reflect you, so be certain you be entirely unique in your material. In the event that you need to compose just a solitary paper at the finish of the period, you can inhale out as you are honored. Research paper writing in secondary school should be done as per an arrangement and all around organized way. </p> <p>You're currently arranged to embrace your writing audit. An eighth grader ought to figure out how to research, the person should work on composing theory articulations, the blueprint technique must be aced, the person ought to see how to make an unfinished copy, and in content references should get aced. Your educator will be intrigued by methods for an intricate and elegantly composed paper. </p> <h2> The New Fuss About eighth Grade Research Paper Topics</h2> <p>Research is generally excellent for kids. Understudies will find out about straightforward intrigue and the best approach to process the real cost of a money related advance, Visa, and different sorts of acquiring. The understudy may give the points of interest of the subjects to the firm. The understudies will discover increasingly about the absolute first principles of the USA, the Articles of Confederation. </p> <p>Globalization is a well known theme that much of the time bring s individuals of contradicting sees into warmed contentions and maybe even physical encounters. In case you're keen on your subject, finding out about it will be progressively pleasurable and you'll compose with expanded enthusiasm, so select your point attentively. Attempting to settle on a point please make a special effort to be delicate and think about your crowd. </p> <p>Remember you should go over spots to inquire about that are bona fide and solid. Research papers must be introduced well to make the right impacts. Research work is required for inquire about paper subjects, and understudies experience issues finding reliable and exact research material. It is important for examine paper subjects, and understudies make some troublesome memories finding dependable and fitting exploration material. </p> <p>Research paper assessors love thoughts which give something new or go over a novel and propelled thought. In the occasion the theme isn't difficult to e xamine, at that point the child can focus on the genuine composing abilities. eighth graders are just figuring out how to find subjects in writing. Understudies will research and discussion numerous themes in the subject of ecological prosperity. </p>

Whatever They Told You About Write My Essay Research Paper Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

<h1> Whatever They Told You About Write My Essay Research Paper Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why </h1> <p>The paper should be predictable from the beginning as far as possible. Among the greatest errors made when it has to do with composing a proposition articulation is filling it by superfluous information. The facts confirm that you could simply start composing, yet even if you get to the word or page necessity, your paper would likely come up short on a legitimate stream. Trademark nature of our contextual analysis help is the way that it generally goes ahead time. </p> <h2>Choosing Good Write My Essay Research Paper </h2> <p>At the time that your sources are remembered for the diagram and you comprehend where you're going, you can start drafting your paper. Understudies should utilize a reasonable numbering for exceptional segments. A thorough diagram makes it significantly less difficult and quicker to complete the last draft of your paper . An examination paper plot, however, will also have a theory or postulation as a segment of the presentation. </p> <h2> Write My Essay Research Paper Explained </h2> <p>Nobody will contend that It's very testing to make a scholastic paper if there's no structure for it. Building up a decent framework is significant in an all the more making out of your exploration paper. </p> <h2>The Demise of Write My Essay Research Paper </h2> <p>Explain quickly the key focuses you need to cover in your paper and why perusers should be keen on your theme. You make an exceptionally understood point what you will talk about and for what reason is it significant. At the point when you've chosen what subject you'll be expounding on, the accompanying thing you have to focus on is the scope of your paper or what you'll remember for your conversation. Obviously it will require some investment to reevaluate everything, except by the by, you may change your subject even if you begin investigating other. </p> <h2> Type of Write My Essay Research Paper</h2> <p>Consider a few strategies of way to deal with procure your paper as special as could be expected under the circumstances, particularly if everyone is expounding on something comparable. The best kind of exposition begins with the absolute best type of point, so set aside effort to pick something which works for you. Your disposition to the theme may well choose the measure of work and energy that you put into your examination. Regardless of if it's a history, artistic, brain science, theory or another theme for the issue what put in you place a request for critical uniquely designed exposition, we'll do all that it requires to introduce a perfect article of paper for you. </p> <h2> The Battle Over Write My Essay Research Paper and How to Win It</h2> <p>If you've at any point done an examination previously, at that point you realize it is elusive the best outcomes in the event that you don't utilize a blueprint. At the point when you're set up to make your blueprint, remember that it is your structure for thoughts. Beside a report plot and an introduction layout, an examination paper diagram is among the most ordinary kinds of frameworks you're well on the way to experience in a specific field. By considering different layout tests, you're ensured to concoct the perfect research paper diagram in practically no time.</p> <h2> Where to Find Write My Essay Research Paper </h2> <p>If you know the crucial angles you have to remember for the papers, thinking of them can be a simple activity. The article would be appropriately looked into and will be given to the understudy in advance so they can see whether there are any modifications required. Using a diagram format can help the understudy arrange the paper and wipe out the thoughts that aren't relevant to the utilization of the exposition. < ;/p> <p>When you're arranging compose money explore paper, it's additionally very imperative to be certain which you are picking a point contingent upon your advantage. So as to begin laying out the examination paper, decide why you're looking into the subject. On the off chance that you are provided with a specific point, it is critical to focus on it and do the exploration. While picking a point, it is critical to ensure that you're choosing a disputable subject for the money look into paper. </p> <h2>What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Write My Essay Research Paper </h2> <p>Whether you should make a paper of stand-out faultlessness, simply get an article here and our authors will give assistance. You may discover your appointed author by and by. Fundamentally, it helps the essayist sort out her or his thoughts and suitably place the inquired about data in the right area. As our gathering of essayists is quite enormous, we generally have free au thors prepared to bring a reasonable and generously compensated buy. </p> <p>Correct all blunders which you can spot and improve the general bore of the paper as well as could be expected. Right off the bat, before you start composing the fund explore paper, making a brilliant arrangement is critical. Obviously, there are heaps of advantages of working with a layout. In the occasion you need help with look into paper diagram or some assistance with scholastic composition, don't spare a moment to utilize our master services.</p> <p>Roughly, the entire paper is separated into the presentation, the human body and the end. Your archive may have an entangled structure, particularly in the occasion the fundamental body will be huge. Do you really require the threat of expecting to make a totally hundred-page paper over once more, basically on the grounds that you forgot about your contentions and significant subtleties, which are blunders you may have stayed away f rom. Moreover, among the basic motivations behind a framework is to unmistakably pass on the connection between the proposition and all of the point sentences. </p> <p>Planning is totally a need, and all the perfect research papers models originate from viable arranging. Composing an exploration paper is as vital as playing out the genuine research or trial itself and can appear to be an amazingly overwhelming endeavor. The Introduction ought to contain your proposition explanation or the subject of your examination along with the objective of your investigation. Today, among the frequently rehearsed approaches to fix instructive issues is requesting composed papers. </p>

How to Write About an Author For Essay - A Brief Overview

How to Write About an Author For Essay - A Brief OverviewWhen writing about an author for an essay, it is important to include the author's biography. Whether the article is about an author's achievements or personal life, it is important to understand the author. It is also important to include references that you have used to learn more about the author and his or her work.The history of the work is very important as this will give readers a good idea of why the work was written. It is a good idea to list the areas of the author's work that were most influential. It may be important to note the works that the author has done in order to distinguish the work from others.Important and notable work is often emphasized by including a section in the article titled 'What is unique about this author?' This section will usually include a list of the most significant books and other works the author has written. For writers that have gone on to more professional writing careers, this inform ation can serve as a valuable reference for future publications. One could also include the author's professional association information, and include any awards they may have won.In order to get the most out of how to write about an author for an essay, it is important to acknowledge the author in the body of the article. However, it is also important to remember that the writer is writing an article on the author. Therefore, it is also important to avoid the temptation to say something like 'one can compare the author of this piece with the author of the previous work by this author.'Of course, there are no such limitations when writing about the author's biography, however, you should make a point to give the reader an accurate portrayal of the author's work. It is also a good idea to let the reader know what books or other items the author used to prepare the book, and what was his or her opinion on the subject at the time the work was written. These details are very important i n understanding the author's work.When writing about the author's life, it is important to include all relevant information. Although the book is not the author's life, it will at least be used as a reference to determine the writer's opinions about the subject. Additionally, there should be no doubt as to what the author's intent was. For example, a book reviewer could note that the author has a problem with the paranormal, but it would be difficult to know what the author's main concern was with the paranormal.Once you understand the format of how to write about an author for an essay, it is easy to become familiar with the structure. It is also a good idea to have all the necessary references ready to go so that you can cite any information that may be pertinent to the essay. The references are easy to find and are generally included at the end of the piece.When writing about an author for an essay, it is important to include all information about the author and his or her life. This will give readers a good idea of the author's life and writing style, and help them gain an appreciation for the work the author has written.

Exam Answers on EU Law - Free Essay Example

(a)The UK Parliament wishes to challenge the draft Directive on the basis that it infringes the principle of subsidiarity. The UK Parliament has a system of scrutiny committees that are responsible to review the proposal established by the EU Commission. In the given scenario, the draft Directive touches on the area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Research, Technological Development and Spaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. According to Article 4 of Lisbon Treaty, the EU and Member States have shared competence in this field, but paragraph 3 further stipulates that the exercise of the EUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competence in this field does not limit the competence of the Member States. Therefore, the scrutiny committees may issue a reasoned opinion on the basis that the draft Directive has infringed the principle of subsidiarity set out in Article 5(3) of the Lisbon Treaty of European Union. According to Article 6 of Protocol 2, the UK committees must issue the reasoned opinion that oppose the draft Directive within eight weeks from the date of transmission.[1] Here, the draft Directive was established on 15 December 2012 and thus the deadline for the UK Parliament to issue the reasoned opinion will be 9 February 2013. It must be noted that, if at least one third of the national parliaments have given the reasoned opinion, it is considered as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yellow cardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the Comm ission can be required to review the draft Directive. However, in case of more than a simple majority, this is an orange card and this allows the European Parliament and the Council to reject the draft Directive before the first reading.[2] (b)The German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) wishes to challenge the regulation, in order for it to be declared invalid. There are two ways available: a direct action under Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"TFEUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢); or an indirect action under Article 267 of TFEU. Direct Action under Article 263 In order to strike down the directive successfully under Article 263,[3] there are three procedural requirements: there is a legal act, the action is raised within the prescribed limit of two months and the applicant must have sufficient legal standing to init iate the action.[4] By virtue of Article 288 of the TFEU, a directive is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legal actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that fulfil the Article 263 requirement. We are told that the directive was adopted on 1 July 2013 and thus the latest date for the association to bring the action is 1 September 2013. Further, the association is a non-privileged applicant who has no automatic standing and thus it is necessary for the association to satisfy that the adopted Directive is of both the direct and individual concern to them.[5] Nevertheless, as shown in the Salamander case, it may be extremely difficult for a non-privileged applicant to prove that a directive is of direct concern to him.[6] According to Plaumann, it is likely that the directive casts no individual concern to the association as they cannot be differentiated from the other researchers.[7] Thus, the action under Article 263 looks unlikely materialise to the association. Indirect Action under Article 267 Alternativel y, under Article 267, the association may have to be a party to an action in a national court and the court would have discretion as to whether or not to make a reference on this issue to the CJEU. According to Rau v BALM, the facts that the association has no standing under Article 263 would not affect their ability in bring an Article 267 action.[8] But it is still not advisable for the association to bring an action under Article 267 as it has been pointed out by Advocate General Jacobs in UnioÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢n de PequenÃÆ'ŒÆ’os Agricultores that it is wrong to expect someone to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"breach the law in order to gain access to justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[9] (c)Professor Moltisanti wishes to bring an action against Italian government for its failure to implement the directive. There are two actions available to him: the doctrine of direct effect; or the Francovich principle. The Doctrine of Direct Effect According to the leading case of V an Gen den Loos, in order for directive to give rise to direct effects, certain criteria has to be satisfied.[10] First of all, as shown in Ratti, the court held that the applicant is only allowed to rely on a directive that the deadline for implementation has been expired.[11] On the facts, the grant scheme runs from July 2014, this indicates that the deadline for transposition (1 November 2013) has already expired and thus Professor Moltisanti may be able to rely on the directive directly in the court. Next, in Marshall v Southampton SW Hampshire AHA, it was held that a directive could be invoked vertically against a public body.[12] In the other words, Professor Moltisanti can rely on the directive vertically against the Italian government. Francovich Principle On the other hand, an alternative way that available for Professor Moltisanti is the principle established in the Francovich case that a right to damages against the member states is available to individuals if t hey have suffered loss as a result of the member stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement a directive.[13] This principle is further developed Factortame, where the court laid down the criteria in replying the Francovich principle that there must be a sufficiently serious breach and direct causal link can be established between the breach and the loss suffered by the individual.[14] Applying this to the facts, the failure to implement the directive is automatically a sufficiently serious breach within the SchoÃÆ'ŒË† ppenstedt[15] formula and it is clearly that the Italian governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the directive makes Professor Moltisanti lost the opportunity to gain support under the scheme. Therefore, it is likely that he may seek redress under the Francovich principle. Introduction The statement suggests that the principle of supremacy of EU law is merely a myth originated from the Court of Justice case law, where in fact th e national courts have constantly challenged on this concept. In this essay, we will deal with the principle of supremacy of EU law from both the Court of Justice and national courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perspectives and argue that the given statement is correct in the context that the supremacy principle enunciated by the Court of Justice is itself fictional and its application in the national courts is not absolute. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the Court of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Perspective When a State joins the European Union, it is considered that there will be a transfer of sovereignty for certain specific areas of policy from the state to the community. Nevertheless, the community treaty does not contain specific reference in the relationship between the EU law and national law and this leads to a situation where both law are in conflict. Not surprisingly, the Court of Justice (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"CJEUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, previo usly known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"European Court of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ECJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) is on the view that the EU law must prevail in such conflict. The court took its first step in preserving the uniformity of application of EU law among the Member States in the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos.[16] The stance was affirmed in Costa v ENEL, where the ECJ held that the community has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"created its own legal system which became an integral part of the legal systems of the Member States and which their courts are bound to applyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[17] The ECJ further added force to the supremacy principle in the Simmenthal case, where it held that the national courts must set aside the national law if it is in conflict with the community law.[18] At this point, it can be argued that the supremacy principle established by the CJEU is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fictionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as it merely requires a disapplication of national law. In Factortam e, the ECJ made clear that if there is a dispute between the national law and the community law, the national courts must set aside its national law, instead on striking down the provision as ultra vires.[19] Furthermore, the supremacy principle from the CJEUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective is not absolute and this was shown in the Asda Stores case in which the ECJ had forfeited the EU supremacy and applied the conflicting national law. [20] On the other hand, because of the wide variation of the constitutional background between the member states, the national courts have responded differently in interpreting the supremacy principle into their own legal system. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the National Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Perspectives There are mainly two approaches to the incorporation of EU law by the national courts, namely monist or dualist approaches. Monistic Theory In monist States, such as Belgium and France, all law is treated equally, it is not necessary for an international law to be implemented into national law and the national courts can apply the law Dualistic Theory For states with a dualist system, such as Germany and United Kingdom, international law and national law are considered to be fundamentally distinct. This means that international law cannot be directly applied by the national courts but requires the translation into the national law. As to give a clearer analysis, we will deal with the legal system of the member states separately: Belgium Belgium provides a good example of acceptance of the supremacy of EU law based upon reasoning which is closest to that employed by the ECJ itself.[21] Even though there has no provision in the Belgian Constitution that supports the supremacy of EU law, the Belgian Court demonstrated its willingness to accord the supremacy principle in Le Ski case. In this case, it was held that if there is a conflict between the Belgian Constitution and a provision u nder EU treaty that imposes direct effect in the national legal system, the EU law prevails.[22] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the Belgian courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective? It is submitted that Belgium manages the supremacy principle of EU law with relatively ease. Can this be argued that as an evidence of the supremacy principle? Bribosa commented on this issue that the approach taken by the court was actually a consideration of Kompetenz-Kompetenz (competence-competence) doctrine but rather than the ruling of ECJ.[23] In other words, instead of treating that the EU law is superior to the Belgian law, it may be more appropriate to recognise that the Belgian courts has sought to emerge the new community rule with its established domestic legal framework. France In France, the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s willingness to accord the supremacy of EU law was shown in the Administration des Douanes case[24], wh ere it was held that by virtue of Article 55 of the French Constitution, if there is a conflict between national law and a ratified international treaty, the latter should be give precedence over the former.[25] This approach was only affirmed in Nicolo case[26] where the court suggested that Article 55 enables the courts to review the validity of French legislation with the EU provisions and thus the community law should be given precedence over the national law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the French courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective? Even though the French courts have recognised the supremacy of EU treaty, it is arguable that the supremacy of EU law in the context of French jurisdiction is not absolute. The Constitutional Council had made it clear in the reasoned Decision given on 9 April 1992 Maastricht I[27] that France could derogate its sovereignty to the Union, only if the particular community rule is not contradictory to the French Constitution and will not violate the exercise of national sovereignty.[28] Such reasoning can be regarded as putting a limitation to Franceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acceptance of supremacy and thus it may casts ambiguity on the supremacy principle that derived from the CJEUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ruling. Germany In Germany, the EU supremacy principle is shaped with the terms of Article 23 of the German Basic Law. In Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v EVGF (Solange I), the Federal Constitutional Court held that although Article 23 allowed the transfer of legislative power to EU law, the German Constitution would still take priority over the EU treaty if the community has not removed the possible conflict of norms between EU law and the fundamental rights provision under the German Constitution.[29] However, having considered the development of fundamental rights doctrine by the ECJ, the position has been altered in the case of Re Wuensche Handel sgesellschaft (Solange II), where it held stated that the court would no longer review EU provision in light of the German Constitution.[30] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the German courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective? By observing the change of attitude of Federal Constitutional Court in adopting the supremacy principle, it is likely that the ECJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wish that the EU law should prevail over national law may be fulfilled. However, in has been made clear in Brunner v European Union Treaty the supremacy of EU law within German jurisdiction is not unconditional, the EU law will be applied only because the national law says it does. [31] Therefore, it may not be appropriate to say that the EU law is supreme over German domestic law because the German courts have not surrendered Germany sovereignty but merely fulfil the obligations of EU membership.[32] United Kingdom The situation becomes more complicated in the UK jurisdiction because of its doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. As a dualist states, the EU treaty will only have effect in the UK legal system with the incorporation of UK Act. This led to the publication of the European Communities Act 1972 (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ECA 1972à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢), whereby it incorporates the EU provisions into the English legal system. In R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame, Lord Bridge stated that it had à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"always been clear that it was the duty of a United Kingdom court when delivering final judgment, to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of Community lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[33] Nevertheless, it must be noted that, the effect of this case would not actually nullify the existing UK legislation and this indicates that the UK national law is still superior to the EU law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the British courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective? It is arguable that the EU law does not take precedence over the UK law since the community legislation may only be effective within the UK legal system with the incorporation of ECA 1972. Such approach has been adopted by Lord Justice Laws in the case of Thoburn v Sunderland City Council, where he pointed out that the relationship between the UK and the EU depends on UK law, not EU law. [34] Conclusion According to Maduro, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the acceptance of the supremacy of EU rules over national constitutional rules has not been unconditionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[35] It is apparent from the discussion above, despite the distinction between monistic and dualist system, the application of EU law under the national legal framework is ultimately influenced by the national law. Therefore, it might be true that the supremacy principle is a fantasy of the CJEU. However, notwithsta nding talk of any legal fiction, it can be observed from the case law that the national courts do give effect to supremacy of EU law. The fact that EU law has been consistently and uniformly applied in the member statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ courts today creates no real dispute over the application of supremacy principle in practice. Question: Word length: (2) 1129 (4) 1999 TOTAL 3128 Bibliography Tables of cases EU Cases Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÆ'ŒË† ppenstedt v Council (5/71) [1971] ECR 975 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal (106/77) [1978] ECR 629 Brasserie du PeÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡cheur/Factortame III (C-46/93 48/93) [1996] ECR I-1029 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another (C-108/01) [2003] ECR I-5121 Costa v ENEL (6/64) [1964] ECR 585 Francovich v Italy Republic (6/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 Ministero Pubblico v Ratti (148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 P UnioÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢n de PequenÃÆ'ŒÆ’os Agricultores v Council (C-50/00) [2002] ECR I-6677 Plaumann Co v Commission (25/62) [1963] ECR 95 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÆ'ŒË† r Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung (C-133/85) [1987] ECR-2289 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council (T-172 175-177/98) [2000] ECR II- 2 487 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others (C-213/89) [1990] ECR 2433 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (26/62) [1963] ECR 1 Belgian Case Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Le Skià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1972] CMLR 330 French Cases Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢teÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ CafeÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336 Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173 German Cases Brunner v European Union Treaty [1994] 1 CMLR 57 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fÃÆ' ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540 WÃÆ' ¼nsche handelsgesellschaft,Re [1987] 3 CMLR 225 United Kingdom Cases Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2003] QB 151 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame [1991] AC 603 Table of Legislation EU Legislation Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 4 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 5 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 263 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 267 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 288 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 6 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 7 French Legislation Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 April 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I French Constitution, art 55 German Legislati on Basic Law, art 24 United Kingdom Legislation European Communities Act 1972 Secondary Sources Books Chalmers D, Davies G and Monti G, European Union Law (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2014) Hartley T, European Union Law in a Global Context: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press 2004) Articles Benvenisti E and Downs G, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2014] 25 EJIL 85 Martinoco G, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Is the European Convention going to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supremeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2010] EJIL 401 Maduro M, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Interpreting European Law: Judicial Adjudication in a Context of Constitutional Pluralismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2007]1 EJLS 2 Electronic Sources Craig P, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf accessed 29 December 2014 1 [1] Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, art 7. [2] Ibid, art 6. [3] Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264. [4] Ibid, art 263. [5] Ibid. [6] Joined Cases T-172 175-177/98 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council [2000] ECR II- 2487. [7] Case 25/62 Plaumann Co v Commission [1963] ECR 95. [8] Case C-133/85 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÆ'ŒË† r Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung [1987] ECR-2289. [9] Case C-50/00 P UnioÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢n de PequenÃÆ'ŒÆ’os Agricultores v Council [2002] ECR I-6677, Opinion of AG Jacobs, paras. 41-9. [10] Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1. [11] Case 148/78, Ministero Pubblico v Ratti [1979] ECR 1629. [12] Case 271/91, Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA [1993] ECR I-4367 . [13] Case 6/90 Francovich v Italy Republic [1991] ECR I-5357. [14] Joined Cases C-46/93 48/93 Brasserie du PeÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡cheur/Factortame III [1996] ECR I-1029. [15] Case 5/71 Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÆ'ŒË† ppenstedt v Council [1971] ECR 975. [16] Van Gend en Loos (n 10). [17] Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585, 593. [18] Case 106/77 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629, 21. [19] Case C-213/89 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others [1990] ECR 2433. [20] Case C-108/01 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another [2003] ECR I-5121. [21] Paul Craig, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf accessed 29 December 2014. [22] Eyal Benvenisti and George Downs, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2014] 25 EJIL 85, https://www.ejil.org/pdfs/25/1/2477.pdf accessed 9 January 2014, citing Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Le Skià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1972] CMLR 330, 347. [23] Paul (n 21), citing H Bribosia, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Report on Belgiumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, in A-M Slaughter, A Stone Sweet and J H H Weiler (eds), The European Court and National Courts, Doctrine and Jurisprudence (Oxford: Hart Publishing 1998) p.21-22. [24] Paul (n 21), citing Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢teÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ CafeÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336. [25] Paul (n 21). [26] Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173, as translation can be found in https://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=1440 accessed 9 January 2014. [27]Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 A pril 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I, as translation can be found in https://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=998 accessed 9 January 2014. [28] Giuseppe Martinoco, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Is the European Convention going to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supremeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2010] EJIL 401. [29] Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fÃÆ' ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540, as translation can be found in https://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/german/case.php?id=588 assessed 9 January 2014. [30] Re WÃÆ' ¼nsche handelsgesellschaft [1987] 3 CMLR 225, 265, as translation can be found in https://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/german/case.php?id=572 assessed 9 January 2014. [31] Brunner v European Union Treaty [1994] 1 CMLR 57, as translation c an be found in https://www.ecln.net/documents/Decisions-Germany/summary-maastricht.pdf assessed 9 January 2014 [32] Trevor Hartley, European Union Law in a Global Context: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press 2004) 159. [33] [1991] AC 603 (HL) 658. [34] [2003] QB 151, 69. [35] Miguel Maduro, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Interpreting European Law: Judicial Adjudication in a Context of Constitutional Pluralismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2007]1 EJLS 2.